• selection, training and personal development to ensure effectiveness;
  
  
• the basic design and modification of equipment, work procedures and the structures of an organisation;
  
  
• solutions which enable people at work to participate in the process of modifying the workplace for greater effectiveness and satisfaction.
  
  The main areas of occupational psychology are:
  
  
• job and work environment (including ergonomics, health and safety at work and environmental psychology);
  
  
• assessment and development (including competency analysis, selection, assessment appraisal, counselling and systems for personal development);
  
  
• organisational development (including motivation in the workplace and employee relations, team building, the study of organisational cultures, the management of change in organisations and the development and modification of reward systems);
  
  
• training (including training needs analysis, the design, conduct and evaluation of training, open and distance learning, computer-based training and the training of trainers).

All occupational psychologists will have a knowledge of the concepts and findings in all of the above areas, but usually each will have developed an expertise in one or two of them.

For more information on DOP-Scotland or on becoming a Chartered Occupational Psychologist, please contact Chiara, DOP-Scotland Secretary, at chiara@keilcentre.co.uk

Clinical Psychologists

Psychologists in this speciality provide services to people across a broad spectrum. Presenting difficulties include anxiety, depression, phobias, obsessions, ruminations, anger control, alcohol-related problems, eating disorders and sexual and marital problems. Clinical psychologists working in adult mental health may also deal with more enduring personality or skill problems, and the psychological elements of psychotic illnesses.

Counselling Psychologists

Counselling psychologists represent a relatively new psychological specialism in the UK. As a group within The British Psychological Society they are represented by the Division of Counselling Psychology. Counselling psychologists are employed in diverse fields, including occupational, educational and healthcare settings.

The principles of Counselling Psychology are:

• The underlying humanistic value system views the client's difficulties in developmental terms, as adaptations rather than pathology.
  
  
• The therapeutic relationship and process are given primacy, emphasising "being with" the client rather than "doing to". This attitude is seen as an important factor whichever model of therapy is practised.